The prospect of Donald Trump returning to the White House has sent waves of anxiety through European capitals, sparking intense debates over the future of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). For decades, the alliance has served as the bedrock of Western security, anchored by the ironclad guarantee of Article 5—the principle that an attack on one member is an attack on all. Trump’s recurring skepticism of this commitment has forced European leaders to confront a highly volatile geopolitical reality.
